martes, 15 de diciembre de 2009

Scrittura Nera: Barack Obama’s Christian Realism By DAVID BROOKS (New York Times)

If you were graduating from Princeton in the first part of the 20th century, you probably heard the university president, John Hibben, deliver one of his commencement addresses. Hibben's running theme, which was common at that time, was that each person is part angel, part devil. Life is a struggle to push back against the evils of the world without succumbing to the passions of the beast lurking inside.

You might not have been paying attention during the speech, but as you got older a similar moral framework was floating around the culture, and it probably got lodged in your mind.



David Brooks

You, and others of your era, would have been aware that there is evil in the world, and if you weren't aware, the presence of Hitler and Stalin would have confirmed it. You would have known it is necessary to fight that evil.

At the same time, you would have had a lingering awareness of the sinfulness within yourself. As the cold war strategist George F. Kennan would put it: "The fact of the matter is that there is a little bit of the totalitarian buried somewhere, way down deep, in each and every one of us."

So as you act to combat evil, you wouldn't want to get carried away by your own righteousness or be seduced by the belief that you are innocent. Even fighting evil can be corrupting.

As a matter of policy, you would have thought it wise to constrain your own power within institutions. America should fight the Soviet Union, but it should girdle its might within NATO. As Harry Truman said: "We all have to recognize, no matter how great our strength, that we must deny ourselves the license to do always as we please."

And you would have championed the spread of democracy, knowing that democracy is the only system that fits humanity's noble yet sinful nature. As the midcentury theologian Reinhold Niebuhr declared: "Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary."

You would, in short, have been a cold war liberal.

Cold war liberalism had a fine run in the middle third of the 20th century, and it has lingered here and there since. Scoop Jackson kept the flame alive in the 1970s. Peter Beinart wrote a book called "The Good Fight," giving the tendency modern content.

But after Vietnam, most liberals moved on. It became unfashionable to talk about evil. Some liberals came to believe in the inherent goodness of man and the limitless possibilities of negotiation. Some blamed conflicts on weapons systems and pursued arms control. Some based their foreign-policy thinking on being against whatever George W. Bush was for. If Bush was an idealistic nation-builder, they became Nixonian realists.

Barack Obama never bought into these shifts. In the past few weeks, he has revived the Christian realism that undergirded cold war liberal thinking and tried to apply it to a different world.

Obama's race probably played a role here. As a young thoughtful black man, he would have become familiar with prophetic Christianity and the human tendency toward corruption; familiar with the tragic sensibility of Lincoln's second inaugural; familiar with the guarded pessimism of Niebuhr, who had such a profound influence on the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

In 2002, Obama spoke against the Iraq war, but from the vantage point of a cold war liberal. He said he was not against war per se, just this one, and he was booed by the crowd. In 2007, he spoke about the way Niebuhr formed his thinking: "I take away the compelling idea that there's serious evil in the world and hardship and pain. And we should be humble and modest in our belief we can eliminate those things. But we shouldn't use that as an excuse for cynicism and inaction."

His speeches at West Point and Oslo this year are pitch-perfect explications of the liberal internationalist approach. Other Democrats talk tough in a secular way, but Obama's speeches were thoroughly theological. He talked about the "core struggle of human nature" between love and evil.

More than usual, he talked about the high ideals of the human rights activists and America's history as a vehicle for democracy, prosperity and human rights. He talked about America's "strategic interest in binding ourselves to certain rules of conduct." Most of all, he talked about the paradox at the core of cold war liberalism, of the need to balance "two seemingly irreconcilable truths" — that war is both folly and necessary.

He talked about the need to balance the moral obligation to champion freedom while not getting swept up in self-destructive fervor.

Obama has not always gotten this balance right. He misjudged the emotional moment when Iranians were marching in Tehran. But his doctrine is becoming clear. The Oslo speech was the most profound of his presidency, and maybe his life.

Bob Herbert is off today.














Scrittura Nera: Barack Obama's Christian Realism By DAVID BROOKS (New York Times)


Republic of Angola Xyami: Modern Love/ That Delicate Membrane, the Heart By KIM BARNES (New York Times)

I PULLED my eyes from the hospital window, from the view of snow-covered mountains, and watched as my father struggled to raise himself from his bed.

“You can’t get up, Dad.” I pressed my fingers into his shoulder, and he glared at me, his blue eyes wild with morphine and what the doctors called intensive-care-unit psychosis. When the doctors had threatened to tie him down, my mother, brother and I swore we would stay with him around the clock to make sure he didn’t separate himself from all that was keeping him alive.

Christopher Silas Neal

We had taken up residence in the motel across the street: one room, two beds, three people. We rotated every four hours. Soon it would be my brother’s shift, and I would stumble through the icy night to the motel bed and slip into the residual warmth left by his body — a reminder of the frost-stricken nights of our childhood when he and I huddled with our parents in our shotgun shack in the Idaho wilderness, offering one another shelter against the below-zero cold of high-mountain winter.

“I’m going to get up,” my father insisted. “I want to go home.”

I positioned myself between his six-foot frame and the floor. “The more you rest, the sooner you get out,” I told him. “I’m here — I won’t leave you.”

It was a strange and unfamiliar place I had come to, standing watch over this man who, for so many years, had stood watch over me. I smoothed his sheets, filled his water pitcher, settled into my chair with the medical book I had borrowed from the hospital library and continued to read about the predilections of the heart.

It wasn’t my 60-year-old father’s heart that had failed but his aorta, the huge artery that carries blood out of the heart through the valve whose name I couldn’t quit saying: semilunar — an incomplete moon, or perhaps its partial orbit around the body’s gravitational core.

The false lumen — that new channel cut into the aortal wall by the rush of blood when the inner lining gave way — comes from the Latin for light: the pulse forcing a peripheral passage, allowing the blood to illuminate the heart’s inner chambers.

The descending aorta channels blood to the abdominal organs and spine, which is why my father was temporarily paralyzed when the ballooning wall of the aneurysm came apart, or dissected. The innermost two of three aortal layers — the intima and media — had peeled inward (imagine the skin of a banana) and blocked the flow of blood.

Late Christmas Eve, while making a midnight trip to the bathroom, my father had felt the violent rip in his chest, “Like a wild animal,” he said, “clawing its way out.” He’d dragged himself across the kitchen floor on his elbows, pounding for my mother, who called the ambulance, then my brother and me.

I read that the odds of surviving an aortal dissection are 3-to-1 against — even worse if undiagnosed and left untreated, as was initially the case with my father. Ninety-five percent of those so afflicted die within 24 hours. But my father’s stubbornness was the stuff of family legend, and it did not surprise me that he had beaten the odds.

“You couldn’t kill that man with a meat cleaver,” my husband said.

It would be years before the full damage to my father’s heart manifested itself, but in that hospital room I already sensed some deep change in him, and I had heard the truth of it in his voice: he was afraid.

In all my life, I’d known my father to be fearful only once. We were living in the woods he loved, in the small, isolated community where he worked as a logger and where our family was deeply involved in Pentecostal fundamentalism. As surely as we believed in God and his Heavenly Host, we believed in Lucifer and his legion.

It was during a time of conflict in the congregation that my father was awakened one night by the suddenly cooling air. What he saw in the doorway, he later claimed, was a demon: darkly cloaked, green eyes gleaming, filling the room with its stench.

It was my father’s violent trembling that woke my mother, his quest for enlightenment that led him to lock himself in our makeshift tool shed, fasting and praying, until he heard the voice of God telling him we must leave the woods and never return. And so we did.

Now here he was, older by more than three decades, having made his way once more through the familiar dark, seized again by the sudden breaching of his heart. I know he believed that the demon had returned. Even in his sleep, he repeated the phrase: “I wasn’t ready.”

In the most literal sense, he may have meant simply that he was not ready for his body’s mutiny. But for him, as one who saw himself as a gatekeeper, not being ready was more than a crisis of faith; it was a dereliction of duty.

My father believed that each member of God’s army is assigned a station: prophets, healers, caregivers, warriors. The gatekeepers are those set at the ethereal portals to guard against Satan’s intrusion. To them is given the task of vigilance, the weapons of fasting and prayer and the gift of vision so that they might see the demons’ trespass from one world into another — a task at which he believed he had failed.

And perhaps, in the past, I had failed in my duties as daughter. Within a year of leaving the woods and moving to the city of Lewiston, Idaho, where my father had found work as a truck driver, my gathering place was no longer the church but the backstreet alleys and basements of friends, where we smoked and drank and dropped our precious hits of mescaline.

AT 13, when my father’s strictures and punishments became more than I could bear, I did the only thing I believed I could do: I ran. I am my father’s daughter — stubborn, strong-willed and bent on making my own way — and this is what ties us more surely than anything.

I intended to leave with a friend for California, where I was prepared to prostitute myself, if necessary, to survive. An older man was going to drive us there. It would not have turned out well. But before we were able to leave, my father came to my friend’s house, dragged me out of the closet in which I’d hidden and forced me home.

His whipping came as hard as his anger, and I remained under his dominion until the day of my high school graduation, when I faced the thing I feared the most: not just his punishing hand, but the notion that something much deeper, something truly monstrous might be unleashed.

I remember how, as I stood before him that day of my leaving, the quaking began in me. When I turned and stepped from his house, I began running, and I didn’t look back.

For two years, my father shunned me. He would not say my name, speak to me or acknowledge my existence. But what came after was a kind of miracle as against all odds we slowly rebuilt our relationship. Ultimately I would marry, and he would embrace my husband and then my children, and support me in my role as a teacher and writer.

Even so, when he called after reading the manuscript I had sent him of my first memoir, I feared that he might once again shun me. We talked for hours about everything that had been unspoken between us — my rebellion, my leaving home. At the end of our four-hour conversation, he said, “Do I want you to publish this book? No, I don’t. Do I think that you should? Yes, I do.”

It was an incredible gift, a moment of grace I had not foreseen. A happy ending, I tell people, and marvel at my father’s complexity — a man whose deep and noble conviction weighed daily against his flaws.

I came to understand that my father was my antagonist, the one against whom I tested myself every day, the one who had both scarred and shaped me. He was my conflict, my crisis, my resolution. Sitting in that hospital room, keeping watch, I began to fear that if he were to disappear from my world some part of my identity would die with him.

What I couldn’t foresee was how, over the next decade, my father would suffer a series of heart attacks, survive a quadruple bypass and the repair of yet another aneurysm in his abdomen that would require his being cut from diaphragm to pelvic bone and gutted like a fish. That he would, as my husband had predicted, survive this cleaving. That his pain would not subside but grow worse, become chronic and intractable, caused by vascular damage in his brain. That he would fall deeper and deeper into the agony of his life, his voice silenced by exhaustion and narcotics. And that the man who once feared almost nothing would come to fear almost everything: the house spiders that startled him with their furtive webbings; the ghostly air behind each door.

He would come to fear the night itself, through which he could not sleep, remaining a sentry in his chair, ever upright, eyes fixed on the silent TV. And in the end his death would not be one of quiet grace but like another animal tearing him from the inside out.

How I would rage at my inability to save him from the dementia and heart disease that had taken up residence in his body.

But that night, in the fist of light held between the darkness outside the hospital window and the dimness of the hall, he and I were resting, readying for what would come next, his legs pumping through some dream. He was running hard.

And part of me wanted to run, too, just as I had done before. Away from my father’s pain, from my need of him, from my resentment of that need. I knew that, having for so long girded myself to battle my father’s strength, I was not prepared to face his frailty.

I moved closer, took his hand, curled my fingers into his. “Stay with us,” I whispered. “Just a little while longer.”

For a moment, I thought he did not recognize me. But then he nodded, tightened his grip. I felt the speed of his pulse beneath my fingers. I closed my eyes and held on.

Kim Barnes lives in Idaho. Her latest novel is “A Country Called Home.”








Republic of Angola Xyami: Modern Love/ That Delicate Membrane, the Heart By KIM BARNES (New York Times)


Mondo Futuro News: Modern Love Would My Heart Outrun Its Pursuer? By GARY PRESLEY (New York Times)

I AM near quadriplegic, a result of polio, and I cannot stand. I have limited strength in my arms, enough to function once I'm in my chair but not enough to get into or out of the chair.

To be able to live in my own apartment, as I desired, rather than in the custodial care of a nursing home, required the assistance of a rotating crew of attendants to transfer me from wheelchair to bed, bed to wheelchair, wheelchair to shower chair ... you get the idea. Ten to 20 minutes in the mornings and in the evenings usually did the trick. Otherwise I went about my business, which included working at an insurance agency. No warehousing for me, thank you.

http://timelhajj.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/2love.jpg

The female attendants preferred to come in pairs, all the better to help a man into his bed, and there undress him. I am somewhat deferential in the company of women, and I had made a conscientious effort to avoid any touch, any word that might be construed as improper. With that the arrangement sailed along with no problems, soon settling into a job done and forgotten — at least until Belinda, a young mother of two boys, showed up as half my attendant team. She was working evenings to pay for her college education.

Earlier that day I had noticed that part of the assembly of my shower chair was loose. "Do you know how to use a socket wrench?" I asked Belinda.

"Sure," she replied. "I was a tomboy. I helped my father all the time when I was a girl."

She had a silky sheet of straight brunet hair pulled together at the nape of her delicate neck, exotic dark hazel eyes and a dancer's lithe body. She may have grown up a tomboy, but what I saw was a beautiful woman.

"There's a wrench set in the lower left drawer of my desk," I said. "Get it, and I'll show you how this thing goes back together."

As the days went by, Belinda sometimes began taking her turn on my transfer schedule without a co-lifter.

"Doesn't it bother you to come alone?" I asked.

"Why? I can outrun you."

And with that the necessity of my transfer faded into the background, and we began to talk about other things: books and films, my work and hers. It seemed a natural evolution that after a few weeks Belinda's routine occasionally included a friendly visit before she started her 3-to-11-p.m. shift.

One day she dropped by with her sons. "This is Matthew and Christopher," she said.

The boys spoke up, even though Matthew, the younger, held tight to his mother's skirt. It was evident she had told them about my wheelchair. Matt was all red hair and freckles, while Chris carried his mother's brunet coloring.

And so it was that the man in a wheelchair, sardonic and standoffish, and the vibrant young woman who loved science and worried over how she would support her sons, developed an odd connection, a link to a place where hands might touch, but thoughts and feelings and emotions began to flicker like lightning beyond the horizon.

I was past 40, my anger and frustration over being paralyzed mostly burned away. But it never occurred to me that the friendship, the connection, between Belinda and me might also be the bridge between caution and passion, between isolation and connection.

"I really don't see the chair," Belinda said a few months after we met. "I see you."

But I didn't believe her then. I had been paralyzed too young, when I was too callow, and in a time and place where most people with disabilities were seen as invalids and shut-ins, passively accepting limitations and retreating behind an accepting smile to avoid injury, neglect, abuse or rejection.

Belinda was 26, beginning study for a master's degree in microbiology, but she was also a single mother with minimal income. Nearly a decade had passed as she worked as a nurse's aide to pay for her classes and for day care for her sons. And her life was becoming more hectic as she undertook graduate studies.

I did not know how to love, not then, but I knew how to be a friend. I tried to help her with her boys, getting them ready for the bus when she had an early appointment, watching them after school and seeing that homework was done and bellies filled.

One late summer day Belinda asked me to accompany her to the nearby university city. "I need a man's opinion on what a professional woman should wear," she said. The master's program allowed her to supplement her income by working as a graduate teaching assistant. She was apprehensive about looking the part, and so we set out in my van.

On the way, as we passed a restored VW Beetle in the adjacent lane, she pointed to it and said, "One of these days, I'm going to find one of those and rebuild it."

Only half-listening, I murmured, "If wishes were horses, beggars would ride."

"What a mean thing to say," she snapped, turning away.

She was driving my van; I sat behind her with my wheelchair secured by tie-downs. "I'm sorry," I said automatically, but I didn't understand what caused her reaction. The sardonic aphorism made perfect sense to me; I was an expert on wishes.

"People have a right to dream," she said.

We were quiet as Belinda bought dresses. She liked floral prints. I liked a navy blue with tiny white polka dots. I bought lunch, and we drove to my apartment. As we waited for her boys' school bus to arrive, she sat on my couch, still subdued, her legs tucked under her, dark hair cascading down the side of her face. She gazed out the front window at the row of cedar trees along the driveway.

"I really didn't mean to hurt your feelings," I said.

"It's all right. I shouldn't be so sensitive." I could see her despair reflected in the slump of her shoulders.

I knew about despair. I wore it like a familiar coat, incapable of accepting what must be tolerated and petulantly ignoring what must be acknowledged. But at that moment — at the sight of such sadness in one usually so open and upbeat, sadness in the spirit of a woman who needed something from me — I wanted to offer more than mumbled words of apology. But I also knew that to push myself deeper into her world might carry us to a place where I might lose what I had made of myself, a place where I knew I could no longer hold tight to the hard reality that kept me sane.

I believed I did not deserve to love Belinda. I believed I should not allow her to love me. I held hard to the idea I should be content to ride out the remainder of my life without complaint, a burned-out case, an absurd hodgepodge of broken parts, a beggar who no longer wished for a horse. But she was also a woman, beautiful and vibrant, and I was a man — in a wheelchair, true — but a man full of heat and desire that sometimes rendered the chair irrelevant.

And I was the keeper of an obscene little secret I had known perhaps since I had been stuck in the iron lung, and surely from some vague moment later, the point where I realized I would never walk again. It is a thing that will sit rancid in my gut until the day I die, a thing that until then had eaten away at any illusion that love and marriage for me would be like it was in books or movies. And it was this: I would be physically dependent upon those who might love me. I am a chore, an obligation, and I will ever be so. I could not rationalize how a woman might love me and not soon come to hate the millstone I believed myself to be.

All this ricocheted through my mind — not in words but in a fog of melancholic unease — as I stared at Belinda. Suddenly, she moved from the couch and across the few steps between us. I opened my arms, and she dropped into my lap and put her head on my shoulder. There was no sound, no words between us, only her tears and my silent wonder.

Friends. Lovers. Perhaps that day was a hint that there might be a path through the thicket of my insecurities. I only remember the gift, the magic, the seamless transition from what I could never imagine into that which I will treasure until my last breath. A kiss. A touch. The sweet scent in the shadow of her neck.

"We should stop this, you know," I said, my mouth against her hair. "You need to find someone else."

"Where can I find a man silly enough to stay home with my boys when they have chickenpox?" she replied, smiling and lifting up to kiss the top of my head. "I like it that you put me first."

There was that, I suppose, but it seemed only natural, given that she couldn't miss her teaching assignment and I'd already had chickenpox as a child.

MONTHS later, Belinda stopped by my apartment and held out a small box. Inside was a man's wedding ring, a wide band with oak leaves inlaid into its surface. "See if it fits," she said.

We now approach two decades married, and I sometimes still wonder at what love has wrought. I sometimes think Belinda might see in me a thing to nurture, a place to sacrifice, an altar on which to offer love. But I also feel something else — that glow from two decades ago, that heat between a woman and her mate.

Cynics say romantic love is a fiction. I have been thoroughly in love only once, and I think it a mystery, an enigma, a Gordian knot entwining two spirits. But even now I cannot fully resolve myself to the reality of Belinda's love. I chose to love Belinda, chose against my head-logic and with my heart-dreams. And even now, I confront the tasks with which she helps me each day with a mixture of the guilt and gratitude, resentment and appreciation, anger and bemusement.

And somewhere deep in my psyche an old ugly beggar sleeps, unaware that the man Belinda chose to love has gotten on his horse and ridden away.

{{en|Far Away Thoughts by John William Godward...

Image via Wikipedia

Gary Presley, who lives in Bolivar, Mo., is the author of "Seven Wheelchairs: A Life Beyond Polio."Mondo Futuro News: Modern Love Would My Heart Outrun Its Pursuer? By GARY PRESLEY (New York Times)


Mondo Futuro News: Modern Love Even in English, a Language Gap By JENNIFER PERCY (New York Times)

THE Latina girl, wearing all black, said: "You're dating a foreign guy, right? Well, I dated this foreign guy for three years. I was living in New York and he was in Paris. I found out he had another girlfriend the whole time."

"I met his parents though," I said. "That always means things are serious."

http://www.lindapsomas.com/show-image/101960/Linda-Psomas/Modern-Love.jpg

"I met his parents, too," she said. "They knew the whole time. Meeting his parents doesn't mean anything."

People are always trying to educate me about dating foreigners. For a while I let their words affect me. After my encounter with the Latina girl, I told my boyfriend I didn't believe him when he said "I love you," just as I hadn't believed him the first time he said it, only three weeks after we met.

Could it really mean the same thing for him to say "I love you" in English if he spoke German? He said it did, of course it did. But I sensed that when he cursed in English it was just a sound to him, because when I curse in a foreign language it's just a sound to me. Why should saying "I love you" be any different?

Once, years ago, I had uttered "te amo" to a man in Spain, and I admit I said it just to hear the words come out of my mouth, to see how they would feel in my voice, on my tongue.

The Spanish man warned me never to say te amo again unless I meant it. I said it three more times in a row, all at that moment, and then never again.

My German boyfriend isn't even German. He's from the Balkans, a refugee from the war who moved to Heidelberg in the '90s with his parents when he was a teenager.

We have a long-distance relationship; he lives mostly abroad and travels frequently. We see each other as much as possible and wherever we can — many times a year. But the distance between our words sometimes feels greater than the distance between our physical selves. He speaks Serbo-Croatian, German and English. Two languages separate us.

I don't speak German but I've said "ich liebe dich" plenty of times and it never does feel like a contract the way saying "I love you" feels like a contract. He, too, has said ich liebe dich to me. When we first started dating, this should have been a comfort to me, but it wasn't. German sounded strange and ich liebe dich sounded ugly to my ear compared to "I love you." It bounced off of me, it didn't stay, didn't embed itself like "I love you."

I once tried saying "volim te" — "I love you" in Serbo-Croatian — and he didn't respond. I asked if I'd said it right and he said I had. Then he repeated it quietly.

That's the one, I thought: volim te. That's the "I love you" that works for me, the one that is honest.

Later I asked him if this was true, if saying "I love you" in his first language was more honest. He said it wasn't. He assured me that "I love you" has the same meaning for him in all of his languages.

We met when he was a student in America, when all we spoke was English. We had been together for four months before I heard him converse in German — we were in Berlin together, and it startled me: he looked suddenly possessed, as if he were speaking in tongues. I almost expected him to fall to the floor and be healed.

For his work he frequently speaks in German before an audience of Germans. I thought I would enjoy seeing him do this; I expected I would be able to follow along somehow. Instead it felt as if I had been dropped on another planet where the person with whom I am most intimate, the person I had just slept with, was having a secret and separate interaction with everyone around me.

I sat in the back so no one would judge me, so they wouldn't notice when I failed to laugh at the funny moments or if I played with my camera during the serious ones.

When my boyfriend was in New York for a while and a girl stayed with him there, I asked if she was his ex-girlfriend "or something," and he said no, she wasn't. I wondered if "or something" didn't carry enough weight or meaning for him to address the fact that even though she may not have been his ex-girlfriend she was still more than just a friend, or had been, or so I imagined.

Euphemisms, politeness, suggestiveness, sarcasm, irony and passive-aggressive gestures — all risk being lost in translation.

In my writing class, I teach my students about subtext. I tell them people alter their conversations depending on whom they wish to address. I tell them people rarely say what they mean, that we are constantly revising our words, that the movement from thought to word is often transformative and strange.

Subtext does not often transfer between languages.

Early in our relationship, my boyfriend complimented a woman on her dress and I became upset. He said he was just being honest. I asked if he would mind if I complimented men, and he said he wouldn't, but I wished he would.

Perhaps this kind of directness is a cultural difference. One evening in Germany, an old professor of his, the man who taught him German, joined us and said to me in surprise: "You are his girlfriend? He didn't mention you when we spoke last year. He said he was happy and alone."

When I confronted my boyfriend about this later, he said, without much concern: "Allein can mean many things. It can mean single but it can also mean living alone, being alone, working alone."

"Ich bin glücklich und allein." I am happy and alone. If this phrase ever were to come out of my mouth, the subtext would almost certainly be that I was unhappy and lonely.

The phrase stayed with me. I reinterpreted the words and reformed them and in the process I reinterpreted him, us, me. Would it always be this way, I wondered? Would our language and cultural differences always allow for excuses to be made, for meaning to be reformed? In those days our words seemed like soft clay that never dried.

"I was so in love with you there," he said one evening when I mentioned the place in the Midwest where we had met. He said that phrase often, and it always vaguely distressed me, as if he was suggesting that love was a label he could pass along freely from day to day, attaching it here and there in his memory.

I asked a friend about this and the friend said he thought it was better that way, about love, and how my boyfriend moved it around like an object. He told me he thought my boyfriend was honest, and that no one can ever love someone constantly, equally, at all times. It has to rise and fall and wax and wane to maintain its permanence. That is its permanence.

My boyfriend explained it this way: In German you can say "ich habe mich gerade wieder in dich verliebt," which translates as "I just fell in love with you again," but which actually means a moment when you realize again why you are in love with someone, an outburst of love.

My boyfriend's parents live in the United States. They had to leave Germany after the war, though he was allowed to stay to complete his schooling. For years they lived an ocean apart.

TWO summers ago, when my boyfriend was out of the country and I was living a few hours from his parents, he suggested that I visit them. I welcomed the chance to meet them as a way to feel closer to him.

They invited their Balkan friends over and spoke Serbo-Croatian, and another barrier grew. But during my stay they were selfless in their care for me, and in fact I have visited them more in the last two years than I have visited my own parents.

One night during my first visit with them, his parents showed me a video of their son receiving an award at a ceremony in Germany. At the end of the ceremony he gave a speech, thanking everyone who had helped him. His mother translated the German here and there for me.

After a few minutes his father got up from his seat on the floor and sat next to me on the couch. "Do you know what he just said?" he asked.

I said that I didn't.

"He said he would like to say hello to his girlfriend in America."

My joy was a bit too obvious, as if all my sadness at missing him dissolved into this single phrase.

It was the Fourth of July and we walked outside together to watch fireworks, but we could barely see the blooming lights over the apartment roofs.

I told his mother I was happy about what he'd said, happy that he had remembered me at his award ceremony.

"What did he say?" she asked.

"He said hello to me," I said. "Didn't you hear?"

"He didn't say that," she said.

I looked at his father and waited. He smiled.

"No, he was joking." She turned to him. "Why did you say that?"

He put his hand on my shoulder and apologized.

Later I imagined he'd lied to me as a kindness, that we both shared a similar sense of longing and abandonment, and that it was the sort of lie he would have liked someone to have told him during all those years he had to be away from his son.

Jennifer Percy is a graduate student in Iowa City.

Mondo Futuro News: Modern Love Even in English, a Language Gap By JENNIFER PERCY (New York Times)

lunes, 14 de diciembre de 2009

China’s Changing Views on Race - Lou Jing, center, a contestant in a Chinese talent show this summer, caused an intense debate in China because she is of mixed-race parentage

China's Changing Views on Race

Lou Jing
Philippe Lopez/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Lou Jing, center, a contestant in a Chinese talent show this summer, caused an intense debate in China because she is of mixed-race parentage.

With trade and commerce drawing ever larger numbers of foreigners to China's cities, tensions have become more common in a country of little racial diversity. This summer, African immigrants, mostly traders and merchants, who make up a growing enclave in the city of Guangzhou, protested police harassment. And in a well-publicized cultural moment, a 20-year-old Shanghainese contestant named Lou Jing, who appeared on the Chinese "Idol"-like talent show, caused a national debate (and drew racist attacks on the Internet) about what it means to be Chinese. Lou, the daughter of a Chinese woman and an African-American man, whom she has not met, considers herself completely Chinese.

As China expands economic ties with the rest of the world — including Africa, where it has considerable investments — how might increased immigration alter Chinese perceptions of race? How has the society historically dealt with ethnic differences?


Millennia of Multiethnic Contradictions

Yan Sun

Yan Sun, a professor of political science at the City University of New York, is the author of "A Sichuan Family and Tibet's Future" and "My Han Relatives' Views from Xinjiang." She is co-writing a book about ethnic relations in contemporary China.

When it comes to ethnic relations and perceptions, China is a paragon of contradictions: its majority ethnic group, the Hans, are non-racist in the sense that most are not aware of their own multiethnic background and care little about it.

The surname of the Chinese leader Hu Jingtao is multiethnic in origin, meaning "foreign, barbarian."

But they hold prejudices, not only about China's minorities and foreigners but also about members of their own group, in that those deemed more "developed" receive deference, while those deemed "backward" are looked down upon. If Western racism is about genetic dispositions, Chinese prejudices and racism are more about achievements and standing in the world as applied to individuals or groups.

Unlike Korea and Japan, China has long been a melting pot. The Han people, now the largest ethnic group on Earth, originated from the central plains of East Asia and was expanded by nomadic invaders from the steppes of inner, central and Western Asia. Driven by their hunger for the wealth of the settled villages and aided by mounted archery, the nomads periodically toppled the Chinese states and controlled them, becoming in the process fused and assimilated with the agrarian people.

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Chauvinism and Nationalism

Ho-fung Hung

Ho-fung Hung is a historical sociologist and a senior associate of the Research Center for Chinese Business and Politics at Indiana University. He is the editor of "China and the Transformation of Global Capitalism," and the forthcoming "Protest with Chinese Characteristics."

Today's racialist self-perception of Han Chinese can be traced back to the rise of Chinese nationalism amidst the chaotic collapse of the Qing empire in 1911. The Qing empire was multi-ethnic and ruled by the Manchus.

Rising chauvinism is a menace to China's internal stability and its cooperation with other countries.

Many Han Chinese revolutionaries, influenced by racial Darwinism from the West, advocated the expulsion of the "barbaric" Tartars (a vague racial category referring to the Manchus and other Central Eurasian peoples) and the restoration of "superior" Han rule as a path to China's resurgence. Han nationalists justified the subordination of non-Han peoples in modern China by their "backwardness" and need to modernize under Han's tutelage.

Persistent prejudice against ethnic minorities caused Mao repeatedly to warn of the danger "Han chauvinism" posed to the unity of the newborn People's Republic in the 1950s. The Communists, however, failed to eradicate such prejudices, but hid them under the language of class struggle, conveniently denouncing all minorities' quests for cultural autonomy as reactionary demands for resurrecting backward social systems (like Tibet's "slavery").

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Inclusion and Rapid Change

Zai Liang

Zai Liang is a professor of sociology and director of the Urban China Research Network at the University at Albany, SUNY.

China's encounter with foreigners is not new. This is especially true for Chinese who live in the coastal region. What distinguishes today's Chinese experience is the unprecedented scale and diverse number of countries and regions involved.

The language barrier is a huge obstacle for understanding between Chinese people and new migrants, but that can change.

In today's world, this encounter is a two-way street, with many Chinese migrating to other countries and citizens of other countries moving to China for economic or educational opportunities.

Race matters in China, as it does in the U.S., with foreigners and immigrants of darker skin often treated poorly. This is true despite the warm relationship between China and African countries during the Mao era.

Another factor for tension is the language barrier, which is complicated by the fact that many local people speak regional dialects rather than Mandarin. This has created a huge obstacle for understanding between Chinese people and those who don't speak Chinese.

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Learning From the West

Dongyan Blachford

Dongyan Blachford, associate professor of Chinese studies, is associate dean in the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Regina, Canada.

Growing up in Beijing, as a member of the Han majority, I did not see China as a country which exhibited racial discrimination; after all, the mission of the Chinese revolution was to build a class-free and egalitarian society.

As a result of living abroad, many Chinese returnees have developed new perspectives on minority rights.

However, after having lived outside China for over 20 years, and having experienced and witnessed discrimination in various forms, I now realize that many in China are simply unaware of the racism and prejudice that exists.

Among the Han Chinese themselves a judgment is often made in a split second based on people's looks, places of residence, types of employment, parents' titles, or who their relatives are. As for foreigners, they may also be subject to hasty judgment; blacks are often associated with backwardness and poverty, whites with money, advanced technology and even beauty. The attitude towards China's non-Han ethnic groups is more complex: they are often viewed as inferior, but they are still considered insiders.

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Foto Silvio Berlusconi aggredito in piazza Duomo di Milano da Massimo Tartaglia - Foto Berlusconi aggressione duomo, Attentato Berlusconi Duomo Milano, Foto-sequenza

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  Berlusconi aggredito: la fotosequenza

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Silvio Berlusconi aggredito in piazza Duomo di Milano da Massimo Tartaglia - Video per berlusconi agressione, la notizia fa il giro del mondo

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